Ambient air pollution (AAP) has become an important public health issue in Taiwan following the rapid industrialization, motorization, and urbanization in the past decades. An increasing body of evidence suggests the harmful effects of AAP, especially particulate matter (PM) on human health, among which the impacts of AAP on cardiovascular health were most documented. In 2010, The American Heart Association described the potential biological pathways linking PM and cardiovascular disease, and changes in blood pressure (BP) have been proposed as one of important biomechanisms. In Taiwan, several experimental and epidemiological studies evaluated the association between short-term exposures to PM and BP, but the results were inconsistent. However, short-term exposures to PM were observed to associate with pulse pressure narrowing, decreases in cardiac contractility, and increase in vascular resistance both in panel and experimental studies. Using land use regression model, a new-developed technique to estimate individual’s long-term PM exposures, two studies further demonstrated that long-term exposures to PM are associate with increases in diastolic BP and carotid intima media thickness. Also, the cardiovascular metrics in response to short- and long-term exposures to PM may differ by individual and geographical variation. In summary, the impact of short-term exposures to PM on cardiovascular system may be primarily through cardiac and vasomotor dysfunction rather than BP fluctuation; while long-term exposures to PM are associated with elevated BP and atherosclerosis.