Ambient air pollution (AAP) has become an important public health issue in Taiwan following the rapid industrialization, motorization, and urbanization in the past decades. An increasing body of evidence suggests the harmful effects of AAP, especially particulate matter (PM) on human health, among which the impacts of AAP on cardiovascular health were most documented. In Taiwan, more than a dozen epidemiological studies either with case-crossover or time-series designs consistently demonstrated PM with different sizes are associated with increased hospital admissions or emergency visits for a variety of cardiovascular events, including congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, ischemic heart disease, and acute myocardial infarction. Several epidemiological studies further observed positive associations between PM in different sizes and cardiovascular mortality. In addition cardiovascular disease, PM are also demonstrated to associate with hospital admissions and emergency visits for stroke. Among these studies, the effect estimates of PM on cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases are especially higher in Kaohsiung City than other cities, that indicate constituent-specific or concentration-response effects on PM-related cardiovascular disease. Of several PM2.5 chemical constituents, organic carbon and elemental carbon, two traffic-emitted components, are demonstrated to mostly associate with increased cardiovascular risk. Epidemiological evidence also suggest that age, gender, and seasonality may modify the relationships between PM and cardiovascular risk.