教育演講3:臨床檢驗之有效運用與管理
Diagnostic tests management

程 序 表

E3-2
最新的實驗室診斷處理系統
Laboratory diagnostic management – update
葉振聲
台北榮民總醫院內分泌暨新陳代謝科
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan

   由於台灣全民健康保險制度之下所有的臨床醫療之措施都受到很大的掣肘,不只是一般臨床的工作人員而已尤其臨床醫師更甚。在這種全民健保制度之下醫師往往看病擔心是否會被健保剔退,而忽略了該給病患做何種檢查,在此進退兩難之心態下往往就不了了之,那怕申請了檢查項目也是選擇最便宜的,而且常常不是病人所需要的項目,若選對了項目也不知道如何判讀結果,即使?致病人嚴重的臨床後果,很少會追究臨床醫師選錯檢查項目的責任。由於最近實驗室檢查之進步及複雜性使得在電腦銀幕上之檢查項目目不暇給,即使本科的年輕醫師也不是很了解,更何況別科的醫師更不清楚而且臨床病理醫師並沒有主動地提供專業的質詢及病人特異性(patient specific)的檢查評估。
  臨床醫師在千奇百怪的虛擬檢查項目裡,有的是新的,有的是非常昂貴的項目,甚至有五種甲狀腺檢查用不同的英文縮寫來表示,另外維他命D用十幾種不同的英文縮寫來代表,其實臨床醫師只需要一種檢查項目而已來表示是否患者有維他命D缺乏或是中毒,結果臨床醫師申請了不該申請的項目,而得不到正確的診斷。
  由於以上的窘境就發展出最新的實驗室診斷處理團隊(The diagnostic management teams) 簡稱為DMT,來提供臨床醫師如何判讀,解釋篩檢檢查陽性項目及如何以實驗室檢查之結果來解釋臨床之表徵。
  DMT會處理專家之建議及病人特異性(patient specific)之描述付諸行動,不只是個案的病例而是所有實驗室檢查之項目。這種團隊的成員是包括臨床醫師、臨床病理醫師、醫檢師、資訊室人員做定期聚會討論,來提供非專科的一般醫師有效之資訊。
  另外此DMT之小組組長不限於臨床病理醫師或是其他有博士學位的組員,而是能協調大家的意見而做出正確的診斷。針對內分泌疾病而言,目前都在提供有關特異性病患有關內分泌引起之高血壓及其他內分泌疾病之最新之資訊。資訊人員在小組裡所扮演之角色是不容小覷的,因為他們可以提供最新臨床發展之資訊。
  總而言之,今天的演講主要是要特別強調最新的實驗室診斷處理系統之重要性,而在不同的專科領域裡使大家更了解臨床病理醫師所扮演的角色是非常重要的。
  Under the umbrella of the global insurance coverage in Taiwan, the flexibility of providing the medical service to the patients by caregiver in general are highly limited but for the clinicians in particular. In that mind-set, the physicians may hesitate to request the laboratory tests for the patients. Even they did, some time they fail to order or incorrectly interpret the test results, even when a terrible clinical outcome happen and it is rarely attributed to the doctor’s mistake involving the laboratory tests. In the recent advance of laboratory medicine, the complexity of clinical laboratory test menu has increased tremendously in number and the clinical pathologists do not routinely provide patient-specific, professional narratives of complex clinical laboratory evaluations.
  The ordering physicians live in a world with thousands of tests, many new and highly expensive, where we put on the same test by multiple different names in different laboratories. For example, there are at least 5 thyroid function test with different abbreviations, and there are at least a dozen tests with the word vitamin D in the moniker displayed to physicians monitor who simply want to understand whether his or her patient is vitamin D deficiency or toxicity. The consequence is that clinician requests unnecessary test and they often fail to order tests item appropriately.
  The diagnostic management teams (DMT) allows physicians to order tests by requesting an evaluation of the abnormal screening test or a clinical sign or symptom. The DMT produces an expert-driven, patient-specific narrative not only for cases in which one is requested, but for all cases in multiple areas of laboratory medicine.  The value-added activity calls a DMT considers clinical information and laboratory data, get together on regular basis, includes their diagnostic conclusions in the medical record, and provides information not known to non-expert physicians.  In addition, participation as a leader in the DMT is independent of the degree of the participant. All qualified individuals must be invited to help establish the correct diagnosis.
  In endocrinology, it is currently providing patient-specific information about endocrine-associated hypertension, with plans to provide similar information on a wide variety of endocrine disorders. Information scientists are also linked to the DMT so that anyone on the team can receive update information from someone soon.
  With this in mind, the presentation, for its part, is greatly interested in addressing major issues of importance to the laboratory tests toward the success of clinical care which will contribute to the awareness and appreciation of the clinical pathologists and playing its role in DMT amongst all parties across the disciplines.