International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for nocturia:
2002: The complaint that the individual has to wake at night one or more times to void.
2010: Complaint of interruption of sleep one or more times because of the need to
　　　micturate Each void is preceded and followed by sleep.
2018: The number of times urine is passed during the main sleep period. Having woken
　　　to pass urine for the first time, each urination must be followed by sleep or the
　　　intention to sleep. This should be quantified using a bladder diary.
　　　Main pathophysiological mechanisms of nocturia:
1. Nocturnal polyuria
2. Global polyuria (daily urine volume greater than 40ml/kg; accordingly, urine volume
　in patients with global polyuria is greater than 2800ml/24 hours for a reference person
　with a body weight of 70kg)
3. Bladder storage disorders
4. Sleep impairment.
　　Nocturia may also be present as part of other conditions which may or may not be directly related to the urinary tract, for example, heart failure or sleep apnea. Therefore, patients can present to and consult not only urologists but also other clinicians such as gynecologists, geriatricians, neurologists, sleep experts, endocrinologists, cardiologists, immunologists, rheumatologists, and/or general practitioners.